Harrison, R. D. et al. Agro-ecological options for fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda JE Smith) management: Providing low cost, smallholder friendly solutions to an invasive pest. J. Environ. Manag. 243, 318–330 (2019).
Wan, J. et al. Biology, invasion, and management of the agricultural invader: Fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). J. Integr. Agric. 20(3), 646–663 (2021).
Groote, H. D. et al. Spread and impact of fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda J.E. Smith) in maize production areas of Kenya. Agric. Ecosyst. Environ. 292, 106804 (2020).
Midega, C. A. O., Pittchar, J. O., Pickett, J. A., Hailu, G. W. & Khan, J. R. A climate-adapted push-pull system effectively controls fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (J E Smith), in maize in East Africa. Crop Protect. 105, 10–15 (2018).
Johnson, S. J. Migration and the life history strategy of the fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda in the western hemisphere. Int. J. Trop. Insect Sci. 8, 543–549 (1987).
Hailu, G., Niassy, S., Zeyaur, K. R., Ochatum, N. & Subramanian, S. Maize–legume intercropping and push–pull for management of fall armyworm, stem borers, and striga in Uganda. Agron. J. 110, 2513–2522 (2018).
Babendreier, D. et al. The efficacy of alternative, environmentally friendly plant protection measures for control of fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda, in Maize. Insects 11, 240. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects11040240 (2020).
F.A.O. Briefing note on FAO actions on fall armyworm in Africa. http://www.fao.org/emergencies/resources/documents/resources-detail/en/c/902985/ (2017).
Gahatraj, S., Tiwari, S., Sharma, S. & Kafle, L. Fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae): A recent threat and future management strategy in Nepal. Agric. Sci. Technol. 12(2), 157–164 (2020).
Adhikari, J. B., Kc, G. & Regmi, D. Response of pipeline Nepalese maize hybrids to different doses of chemical fertilizers under varying plant densities. J. Agric. Nat. Resour. 3(2), 366–375 (2020).
Mo.A.L.D. Ministry of Agriculture and Livestock Development, Singh Darbar, Kathmandu, Nepal. www.moald.gov.np (2020).
Aguirre, L. A. et al. Evaluation of foliar damage by Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) to genetically modified corn (Poales: Poaceae) in Mexico. Florida Entomol. 99(2), 276–280 (2021).
Kumela, T. et al. Farmers’ knowledge, perceptions, and management practices of the invasive pest, fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda) in Ethiopia and Kenya. Int. J. Pest Manag. 65(1), 1–9 (2018).
Yu, S. J. Insecticide resistance in the fall armyworm Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith). Pesticide Biochem. Physiol. 39(1), 84–91 (1991).
Kfir, R., Overholt, W. A., Khan, Z. R. & Polaszek, A. Biology and management of economically important lepidopteran cereal stem borers in Africa. Annu. Rev. Entomol. 47, 701–731 (2002).
Buczek, B. & Zajezierska, A. Biodegradable lubricating greases containing used frying oil as additives. Ind. Lubr. Tribol. 67(4), 315–319 (2015).
Kim, D. H. et al. Characteristic of oviposition and effect of density suppression by yellow-colored sticky trap on Ricania shantungensis (Hemiptera: Ricaniidae) in blueberry. Korean J. Pestic. Sci. 20(4), 281–285 (2016).
Lu, Y., Bei, Y. & Zhang, J. Are yellow sticky traps an effective methods for control of sweetpotato whitefly, Bemisia tabaci, in green house or field?. J. Insect Sci. 12, 113 (2012).
Toepfer, S. et al. Streamlining leaf damage rating scales for the fall armyworm on maize. J. Pest. Sci. 94, 1075–1089 (2021).
Broughton, S. & Harrison, J. Evaluation of monitoring methods for thrips and the effect of trap colour and semio-chemicals on sticky trap capture of thrips (Thysanoptera) and beneficial insects (Syrphidae, Hemerobiidae) in deciduous fruit trees in Western Australia. Crop Prot. 42, 156–163 (2012).
Päths, P., Ekbom, B. & Skovgård, H. Influence of intercropping on the abundance, distribution and parasitism of Chilo spp. (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) eggs. Bull. Entomol. Res. 85, 507–513 (1997).
Wallingford, A. K., Cha, D. H., Linn, C. E., Wolfin, M. S. & Loeb, G. M. Robust manipulations of pest insect behavior using repellent and practical applications for integrated pest management. Environ. Entomol. 46(5), 1041–1050 (2017).
Deshmukh, S. et al. Field efficacy of insecticides for management of invasive fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) on maize in India. Florida Entomologist 103(2), 221–227 (2020).
Bajracharya, A. S. R., Bhat, B. & Sharma, P. Field efficacy of selected insecticides against fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith) in maize. J. Plant Proct. Soc. 6, 127–133 (2020).
Bansode, S. B., Kumar, M. D. & Santha, K. M. V. In-vitro bio efficacy screening of some insecticides against fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda J.E. Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Intern. J. Zool. Invest. 6(2), 306–310 (2020).
Thumar, R. K. et al. Evaluation of insecticides against fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith) infesting maize. Int. J. Chem. Stud. 8(4), 100–104 (2020).
Pannuti, L. E., Baldin, E. L., Hunt, T. E. & Paula-Moraes, S. V. On-plant larval movement and feeding behavior of fall armyworm (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) on reproductive corn stages. Environ. Entomol. 45(1), 192–200 (2016).
Vilarinho, E. C., Fernandes, O. A., Hunt, T. E. & Caixeta, D. F. Movement of Spodoperda frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) adults in maize in Brazil. Fla. Entomol. 94, 480–488 (2011).
